Literary Theory important Critical Writings timeline (UGC NET English Unit IX)

 

1795–1830 Major contributions to literary theory by Romantic writers

1860s Matthew Arnold and John Ruskin flourish as cultural and literary critics

1890–1940 Modernist era; important theoretical works by W. B. Yeats, Henry James, Joseph Conrad, T. S. Eliot, Virginia Woolf and others; flourishing of “little magazines”

1891 Oscar Wilde publishes Intentions, essays on literature and literary theory

1903 W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk

1914 Wyndham Lewis begins publishing Blast

1915–1930s Moscow Linguistic Circle and the Prague Linguistic Circle flourish

1916 Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics

1918–1929 Bakhtin Circle, St. Petersburg

1920 Georg Lukács, Theory of the Novel

1922 T. S. Eliot begins publishing Criterion

1923 Institute of Social Research, incorporated into University of Frankfurt

1924 Percy Lubbock, The Craft of Fiction

I. A. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism

1925 Viktor Shklovsky, Theory of Prose

1927 E. M. Forster, Aspects of the Novel

1928 Vladimir Propp, Morphology of the Folktale

1929 M. M. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics

Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own

1931 Edmund Wilson, Axel’s Castle

1932 F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis begin publishing Scrutiny

1939 Cleanth Brooks, Modern Poetry and the Tradition

1944 Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, The Dialectic of Enlightenment

1947 William Empson, Seven Types of Ambiguity

1948 F. R. Leavis, The Great Tradition

1949 Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex

Cleanth Brooks, The Well-Wrought Urn

1951 Theodor Adorno, Minima Moralia: Refl ections from Damaged Life

1953 Roland Barthes, Writing Degree Zero

1954 W. K. Wimsatt and Monroe C. Beardsley, The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry

1955 Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, co-directors of the Institute of Social Research

Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization

1956 Roman Jakobson and Morris Halle, Fundamentals of Language

1957 Ian Watt, The Rise of the Novel

Albert Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized

Roland Barthes, Mythologies

1958 Raymond Williams, Culture and Society: 1780–1950

Claude Lévi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology

1961 Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth

1963 Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique

1964 Founding of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham

1966 Roland Barthes, “Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narrative”

Symposium, “The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man,” Johns Hopkins University Humanities Center

Wayne Booth, Rhetoric of Fiction

Jacques Lacan, Écrits

Kenneth Burke, Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature and Method

1966–72 Gérard Genette, Figures

1967 Jacques Derrida, Writing and Difference, Of Grammatology

1968 Walter Benjamin, Illuminations

1969 Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language

Vine Deloria, Custer Died for Your Sins

1970 Kate Millet, Sexual Politics

Germaine Greer, The Female Eunuch

1971 Paul de Man, Blindness and Insight

Louis Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays

Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences

Ihab Hassan, The Dismemberment of Orpheus: Toward a Postmodern Literature

1974 Luce Irigaray, Speculum of the Other Woman

1975 Hélène Cixous, “The Laugh of the Medusa”

Jürgen Habermas, Legitimation Crisis

Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison

Monique Wittig, The Lesbian Body

1976 J. Hillis Miller, “Ariadne’s Thread: Repetition and the Narrative Line”

Elaine Showalter, A Literature of Their Own: British Women Novelists from Brontë to Lessing

Terry Eagleton, Criticism and Ideology: A Study in Marxist Literary Theory

1976–84 Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality

1977 Roland Barthes, Image-Music-Text

Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia

Tzvetan Todorov, The Poetics of Prose

1978 Wolfgang Iser, The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response

Edward Said, Orientalism

1979 Robert Scholes, Fabulation and Metafiction

Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition

Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste

Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination

1980 Linda Hutcheon, Narcissistic Narrative: The Metafictional Paradox

Stanley Fish, Is There a Text in This Class?

Stephen Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning

Pierre Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice

Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Thousand Plateaus:

Capitalism and Schizophrenia

Frank Lentricchia, After the New Criticism

Julia Kristeva, Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art

Jane Tompkins, Reader-Response Criticism: From Formalism to Post-Structuralism

1981 M. M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination (composed 1930s and ’40s)

Barbara Johnson, The Critical Difference: Essays on the Contemporary Rhetoric of Reading

Jürgen Habermas, “Modernity versus Postmodernity”

Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act

1982 J. Hillis Miller, Fiction and Repetition

Shoshana Felman, Literature and Psychoanalysis

Jacques Lacan, Feminine Sexuality: Jacques Lacan and the École Freudienne

Gerald Prince, Narratology: The Form and Functioning of Narrative

Jane Gallop, Feminism and Psychoanalysis: The Daughter’s Seduction

1983 Jean Baudrillard, Simulations

Terry Eagleton, Literary Theory: An Introduction

Louis Montrose, “Of Gentlemen and Shepherds: The Politics of Elizabethan Pastoral Form”

1984 bell hooks, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center

1985 Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire

Ernesto Laclau, and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics

Toril Moi, Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory

1986 Peter Hulme, Colonial Encounters: Europe and the Native Caribbean, 1492–1797

1987 Teresa de Lauretis, Technologies of Gender: Essays on Theory, Film, and Fiction

Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization

Molefi K. Asante, The Afrocentric Idea

Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza

1988 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”

Henry Louis Gates, The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism

1989 Laura Mulvey, Visual and Other Pleasures

Slavoj Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology

1990 Judith Butler, Gender Trouble

Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet

Ramón Saldívar, Chicano Narrative: The Dialectics of Difference

1991 Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women

Jonathan Dollimore, Sexual Dissidence

Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism

1992 Judith Butler and Joan W. Scott, Feminists Theorize the Political

Mary Joe Frug, Postmodern Legal Feminism

Slavoj Žižek, Looking Awry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture

1993 Judith Butler, Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex”

1994 Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture

1995 Ann McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Conquest

Robert Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race

1996 Declan Kiberd, Inventing Ireland

Stuart Hall, Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies

1999 Henry Louis Gates and Kwame Anthony Appiah, Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African American Experience

2000 Sonia Saldívar-Hull, Feminism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature

Judith Butler, Slavoj Žižek and Ernesto Laclau, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left

Terry Eagleton, The Idea of Culture

2002 Arnold Krupat, Red Matters: Native American Studies

Fredric Jameson, A Singular Modernity

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Banaras Hindu University (BHU) M. A. English Entrance previous years questions papers (2010 to 2019)

Image
Banaras Hindu University: The Capital of All Knowledge Questions papers of previous years are important milestone for any exam. These papers give the students guidelines of which way and how to proceed in their preparation. Going through the questions gives them the insight and clarity needed for any exam. Banaras Hindu University (BHU) is the largest residential university of Asia and has its rank "Third" among all the universities of India. Lots of students have their dreams of becoming a part of this eminent university. So, I am here providing you all with the questions papers of the entrance test following the latest pattern and trend in Post Graduate English Literature. Click the following links to download the respective old question paper:    BHU entrance question_M.A. ENGLISH 2010   https://drive.google.com/file/d/189LtnwP0-QK4qZtq47lLWQViy3wa7TZu/view?usp=sharing   BHU entrance question_M.A. ENGLISH 2011 https://drive.google.com/file/d/13Sk67LcnK6fVc1shFUQhYz_GGDSohu
Read more

Use of Irony in Ralph Ellison's "Invisible Man"

Image
Irony, the use of words to convey an idea that departs from its literal meaning, underpins many of the protagonist’s earliest experiences in Ellison's Invisible Man . In particular, Ellison’s use of structural irony reveals his authorial goals because we, along with the mature writer-narrator whom we meet in the prologue, observe an incredibly naïve central character stumbling towards self-understanding. This pervasiveness of structural irony, or the reader’s perpetual sense of knowing more than the narrator, allows Ellison to have fun as he inserts his protagonist into various conundrums. In addition to injecting bursts of humor, the comic aspects of his narrator’s experiences facilitate Ellison’s artful handling of the weighty issues that he invites readers to explore. The novel’s first episode sets this tone.  In the battle royal scene, the narrator’s earnest recitation of his Washingtonian valedictory speech, one which exhorts his audience of white segregationists to join hands
Read more

Narrative Technique of Ralph Ellison's "Invisible Man"

Image
  Invisible Man can be seen as a Bildungsroman (novel of education), similar to Voltaire’s Candide , which captures the personal growth and development of the protagonist. The novel focuses on the life of the Invisible Man as a young man and his experiences from adulthood through maturity. The narrator is older now as he reflects on his life story backwards. The novel is framed by a Prologue and an Epilogue. The story opens in the present, switches to flashback, and then returns to the present, but a step forward from the Prologue. Writing down the story has helped the hero to make up his mind about things. Leonard J. Deutsch attributes the complexity of the novel in part to this juxtaposition of perspectives of the “I” of the naïve boy and the “I” of the older, wiser narrator. Warren French has described the formal organization of the narrative as “a series of nested boxes that an individual, trapped in the constricting center, seeks to escape.” Several critics cite the use of v
Read more

Old English Religious/ Christian Poetry (Caedmon, Cynewulf)

Image
    The coming of Christianity introduced the Anglo-Saxons with the Holy Bible that influenced a rich body of Christian literature. After conversion to Christianity the Anglo-Saxon poets turned away from pagan themes, and sought subjects for their poetry in the Bible or in the lives of saints. They did not, however, wholly abandon the pagan sentiments and ideas, but used them after getting them filtered through their new religion. They applied the techniques of Anglo-Saxon heroic poetry to purely Christian themes. As a result, the old English religious poetry shows a great blending of pagan and Christian elements. There are two glaring stars in the sky of Anglo-Saxon religious poetry- Caedmon and Cynewulf.   The story of Caedmon ’s miraculous transformation into the first religious poet of England and his nine-lined Hymn of Creation is contained in Venerable Bede’s Latin work, Ecclesiastical History of the English People.  Caedmon was a layman at the monastery of Whitby around 664 AD.
Read more

Wole Soyinka’s Theatre: the “Fourth Stage”

  The “Fourth Stage” is uniquely Soyinka’s interpretation of Yoruba mythology in which there are four parallel worlds of the living, the dead, the unborn and the chthonic (underworld) realm, where the ambiguities of cultural identities are contested. These worlds exist in a non-hierarchical manner, and their membranous nature allows the dwellers to access these different worlds at will. This interpretation is the central thesis of Soyinka in his essays, “Morality and Aesthetics in the Ritual Archetype”, “Drama and the African Worldview” and “The Fourth Stage”. The main argument is that African myth and ritual (exemplary in Yoruba mythology) are not discrete background cultural objects but form the continuing aesthetic and social foregrounding of African society. By starting off with Nietzsche’s theory of the ritual roots of classical Greek theatre, Soyinka explains the roots of African (Yoruba) ritual tragedy in the myth of Ogun and the sacral rites depicting his prowess in battle
Read more

Significance of the Battle Royal scene in Ralph Ellison's "Invisible Man"

Image
  Invisible Man is invited to present his valedictorian speech to a group of wealthy white patrons at a Southern gentlemen’s club. When he arrives, however, he is forced to participate in a blindfolded ‘battle royal’ against a group of men he believes to be his ‘peers’: adolescent African American males. The irony of the situation is, he finds no commonality with these youths, only bitter rivalry. The hypocrisy of the Southern socio-economy is figuratively actualised in the poignant symbolism of the young black adolescents, who are induced to beat each other to bloody pulps for the amusement of rich white patrons, with the promise of coins as reward (which, they later discover, are counterfeit). Like many members of the Jazz Age intelligentsia before him, Ellison is interested in satirising the cultural apologue of an American ‘aristocracy’ built on slavery in a pure, high capitalist society where there has never been a decline of the ruling class. The mere prospect of wealth enflame
Read more

Ralph Ellison's "Invisible Man" as a Bildungsroman (novel of growth/development)

Image
  In the traditional European prototype, coming-of-age is charted through the representation of ordeals and life lessons which the young protagonist or Bildungsheld must overcome in order to achieve their harmonious course of maturation. The American model forgoes this necessity of harmony. Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man (1952) is one such coming-of-age narrative , following the pedagogical and experiential education of an African American adolescent in the 1920s and 30s. Ellison subverts the inefficiencies of representing race in American literature and culture that had come before him. At the same time, the author illuminates the hypocrisies of racial and ideological identity politics in a post-Abolition American society. The linear temporality of the traditional Bildungsroman form is subverted by Ellison’s reflexive use of direct, first person narration in the present and past tense, featuring an ironic use of the in medias res technique with flashbacks. It is indeed ironic beca
Read more

Important Short Stories (UGC NET Unit III)

Image
  James Joyce Araby The Dead Eveline The Sisters   Mark Twain The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg The Invalid's Story No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger A Dog's Tale A Ghost's Story The Stolen White Elephant   Washington Irving The Devil and Tom Walker The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Rip Van Winkle   Gabriel Garcia Marquez The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings The Woman Who Came at Six O'Clock Eyes of a Blue Dog Death Constant Beyond Love The Autumn of the Patriarch   Ralph Ellison King of the Bingo Game   Saki (Hector Hugh Munro) The Open Window   Joseph Conrad The Secret Sharer   Ernest Hemingway The Short, Happy Life of Francis Macomber Hills Like White Elephants In Another Country A Clean, Well-lighted Place The Snows of Kilimanjaro The Killers Indian Camp The Undefeated   Ray Bradbury There Will Come Soft Rains
Read more

Nadine Gordimer's "Burger's Daughter": Narrative Technique

Image
  The narrative of Nadine Gordimer’s novel Burger’s Daughter is in two modes of narration ; one is a third person narration by the omniscient author , and the other is by Rosa herself . The latter, Rosa's own narration, is very much in the stream-of-consciousness technique . The double discourse of the private disruptive voice and the public conventional tone informs the narrative structure of the novel. The narration alternates between first person and third person- "My version and theirs". The narration by the omniscient author is like a detached record of the happenings in Rosa Burger's life. The opening is a perfect example of this third person narrative: “ Among the group of people waiting at the fortress was a schoolgirl in a brown and yellow uniform holding a green eiderdown quilt and, by the loop at its neck, a red hot-water bottle. ” But at times, even this detached omniscient authoress penetrates into the labyrinths of Rosa Burger's mind to explore th
Read more

New Trends in English Literature

             The 21 st  century has proved to the world that English literature is no longer the sole province of the imperial England. Although English literature started and flourished in England, it has gone on to sow the seeds of creativity in English in other parts of the world. Interestingly, the English people themselves paved the way for the unexpected developments that we witness today. When the English colonizers went to America, they began to write their own literature of the Americas. Similarly, those English men and women who went to Australia began the process of a new literature called Australian literature. And so is the case with Canada, India, and Africa. With colonization in some parts of the world, especially, Africa and Asia, there emerged a new literature which later came to be known as the Commonwealth literature, New Literature in English, postcolonial literature and so on. Not to be left out, even those countries which were not colonized by the English like Bh
Read more